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Cake day: June 6th, 2023

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  • USGS research geologist Jeff Pigati and his colleagues (including Bennett and other co-authors of the 2021 paper) recently radiocarbon-dated conifer pollen—mostly from fir, spruce, and pine—from the same ancient ground surface as the tracks and the ditchgrass seeds. They also used another type of dating, called optically stimulated luminescence (a type of dating that measures when a grain of quartz was last exposed to sunlight) on sediment samples from between the oldest two layers of tracks. The results lined up very well with Bennett and his colleagues’ original radiocarbon dates; the tracks couldn’t be any younger than about 21,500 years old.

    I had never heard of this other method with the quartz. Interesting.

    Ditchgrass, as its name suggests, is an aquatic plant, exactly the kind of thing you’d expect to find along the shore of a lake. But aquatic plants tend to soak up groundwater, which can contain older carbon than the rain that waters more landlubberly plants. Seeds from aquatic plants like ditchgrass can (but don’t always) look older than they really are when radiocarbon-dated—sort of like the radiocarbon version of carrying a fake ID.

    The other two methods don’t suffer such problems. So now that they have similar results from these methods the evidence is much stronger.





  • Yes true if they lack appropriate air support and logistics support. Which is the case for Ukraine.

    Modern western strategy is very different from that of WW2. The key is integration of air support, artillery, armor, infantry, etc. If Ukraine had superior fighter jets, to gain air superiority and anti tank and anti personnel platforms like A10 and Apache, all platforms working in sync and all backed by logistics support to keep everything operating, it would be a different story I guess.

    Related, I wonder if they’re suggesting the old Russian tanks would somehow perform better than the western ones? Because as far as I know, western tanks have the best armor systems, the highest accuracy, and the ability to fire while moving. Maybe they need to adapt their tactics to make better use of their platforms?