It’s complicated. Paul isn’t really a good guy, but he’s not really a bad guy either. He’s just a dude. He’s a dude who has limited vision into the future from which he cannot escape. He’s not using his future vision to pick the bad choices he’s trying to pick the best ones he can and the hand he’s dealt kinda just sucks.
Permits is only required when the compiler can’t see the extending classes. IE inner classes can extend without needing to be written out in a
permits
clause. This isn’t really that useful but I’ve taken advantage of it more than once so who knows